African contacts are older than previously thought: The study found, at sites in Madrid and Cádiz, a couple of individuals with African descent who lived in the Peninsula about 4,000 years ago. These are sporadic contacts, but show that there was an African presence long before the arrival of Muslims on the Peninsula in the 8th century. The scientists also detected a gene flow from North Africa to the Southeast of the Peninsula in Punic and Roman times. Romans, Greeks, Phoenicians, Visigoths and Muslims: Based on the analysis of 24 individuals from the Greek colony of Empúries, founded between the 600s and the late-Roman period in present-day Catalonia, scientists have concluded that at the beginning of The Middle Age of at least a quarter of Iberian ancestry had been replaced by new flows of population from the Eastern Mediterranean (Romans, Greeks and Phoenicians). The researchers also analyzed two individuals of Visigothic origin at a site in Girona and several of Muslim origin in Granada, Valencia, Castellón and Vinaròs. These ‘ancient Iberians’ showed a North African genetic component of almost 50%, while in the current population it is 5%. “This North African ancestry was almost completely eliminated during the Reconquista and the subsequent expulsion of the Moors”, says Carles Lalueza-Fox, one of the directors of the study at the IBE.